Am. Scottish women tend to be proportionately curvy. For instance, the PAX3 gene is associated with eye to nasion distance, prominence of the nasion and eye width, side walls of the nose, and prominence of nose tip. Exploratory genotype-phenotype correlations of facial form and asymmetry in unaffected relatives of children with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate. Bioessays 29, 145154. Genet. Forensic Sci. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081, Henderson, A. J., Holzleitner, I. J., Talamas, S. N., and Perrett, D. I. Rep. 7:2441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02721-0. Scottish people are an amalgamation of people of Celtic, Gael, Pict and Brython descent. A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. Cha, S., Lim, J. E., Park, A. Y., Do, J. H., Lee, S. W., Shin, C., et al. A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Lancet 374, 17731785. Over time, facial morphology across populations has been influenced by various factors, such as migration, mate-choice, survival and climate, which have contributed to variation in facial phenotypes. Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: comparisons with schizophrenia. A., Guerin, D. J., Litzky, J. F., Chavan, N. R., et al. Aesthet Surg. Fatemifar, G., Hoggart, C. J., Paternoster, L., Kemp, J. P., Prokopenko, I., Horikoshi, M., et al. louiseber 5 yr. ago. There's also some more darker features in some people, like black hair and brown eyes. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00386.x, Marcucio, R., Hallgrimsson, B., and Young, N. M. (2015). Post-natally, facial growth tends to follow general somatic growth with periods of steady increments in size interspersed with periods of rapid growth with the peak growth occurring at puberty (Tanner et al., 1966a,b; Bhatia et al., 1979; Kau and Richmond, 2008; Richmond et al., 2009; Richmond S. et al., 2018). Scottish English can best be summed up as being an accent that is the perfect combination of Gaelic roots, Scots phonology and an English lexicon. Genome-wide association study of facial morphology reveals novel associations with FREM1 and PARK2. However, the sample sizes and inconsistencies in research design and particularly statistical management have yielded mixed results. Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. usually an angry face with an open gorilla mouth. Non-genomic transgenerational inheritanceof disease risk. Genet. The use of machine-learning and artificial intelligence approaches will be crucial in future GWAS studies to determine patterns and linkages in the numerous large data sets generated and archived related to craniofacial development functional genomics. In addition, there is evidence of pleiotropy, quantitative phenotypes and Mendelian traits all influencing multiple phenotypes suggesting a large number of loci contribute additively to facial variation. High-resolution epigenomic atlas of human embryonic craniofacial development. Transplacental transfer of 2-naphthol in human placenta. Genet. facial features Richmond, R. C., Sharp, G. C., Herbert, G., Atkinson, C., Taylor, C., Bhattacharya, S., et al. 47, 12361241. However, the effects of lower levels of prenatal alcohol exposure on facial morphology are less clear (Mamluk et al., 2017; Muggli et al., 2017; Howe et al., 2018c). Craniofac. PLoS Genet. 36, 373380. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20249, Miller, S. F., Weinberg, S. M., Nidey, N. L., Defay, D. K., Marazita, M. L., Wehby, G. L., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.034, Hughes, T. E., Townsend, G. C., Pinkerton, S. K., Bockmann, M. R., Seow, W. K., Brook, A. H., et al. (2014b). Scottish sounds very aggressive while the Irish sounds lively. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). These are interesting answers. I am not sure if I can add anything or not, but I think there are a couple of areas that should be addressed. First, Factors influencing facial shape, in Evidenced-Based Orthodontics. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016, Neiswanger, K., Weinberg, S. M., Rogers, C. R., Brandon, C. A., Cooper, M. E., Bardi, K. M., et al. Development 143, 26772688. Dis. The handling Editor is currently collaborating with author SR and confirms the absence of any other collaboration. 227, 474486. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35515, Xu, C., Qu, H., Wang, G., Xie, B., Shi, Y., Yang, Y., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005, Pound, N., Lawson, D. W., Toma, A. M., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2014). Given that their DNA is so close that as of October 2013 it was not yet determined which of Celt or Saxon the House of Oldenburg (Mountbatten) is, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<291::AID-AJA2>3.0.CO;2-E, Beaty, T. H., Murray, J. C., Marazita, M. L., Munger, R. G., Ruczinski, I., Hetmanski, J. Scottish is the term referred to peoples who live in Scotland, whereas Irish is the term that is referred to peoples who live in Ireland. From birth to adulthood there are significant body and facial changes. While each person is unique, people of Scottish descent are generally average or tall in stature and have a thin build. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. BMC Genomics 19:481. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9, Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K., Zuniga, S., Wirken, L., Pospiech, E., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., et al. Clin. Am. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Ancestry and physical appearance are highly related; it is often possible to infer an individuals recent ancestry based on physically observable features such as facial structure and skin color. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003375, Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. Eye width and ear nasion distance and nasion -zygoma eyes distances are linked to C5orf50. 44, 981990. The authors would like to thank Dr. Ryan Arathimos (University of Bristol) for advice on a draft of the manuscript. The maternal environment is thought to play an important role with regards to orofacial clefts. Res. The determination of facial appearance, health history and future health risk from DNA is has great potential (Claes et al., 2014; Kayser, 2015; Toom et al., 2016) but caution should be expressed with respect to assumptions, interpretation and individual confidentiality as there is a significant threat to an individual in obtaining healthcare insurance (Hallgrimsson et al., 2014; Idemyor, 2014; Toom et al., 2016). Genet. Differences in relative size, shape and spatial arrangement (vertical, horizontal and depth) between the various facial features (e.g., eyes, nose, lips etc.) Eur. (2002). doi: 10.1038/jhg.2009.116, Kovacs, L., Eder, M., Hollweck, R., Zimmermann, A., Settles, M., Schneider, A., et al. Similarly, epigenetic processes may mediate the effects of germline genetic variation. 17:487. doi: 10.1038/nrg.2016.59, Alvizi, L., Ke, X., Brito, L. A., Seselgyte, R., Moore, G. E., Stanier, P., et al. Am. Nat. Evol. Robot 6, 422430. What the Average Person Looks Like in Some of these early factors such as nictotine and alcohol may potentially influence on early neurological development (Wickstrm, 2007). Distinct DNA methylation profiles in subtypes of orofacial cleft. J. Orthod. Substantial heritability estimates for facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism (0.500.70 and 0.400.50), respectively (Mitchem et al., 2014), further demonstrate the strong genetic influences on facial phenotypes. The generated images were Predominantly genetic influences have been reported for anterior face height, relative prominence of the maxilla and mandible, width of the face/nose, nasal root shape, naso-labial angle, allometry and centroid size (Carels et al., 2001; Carson, 2006; Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2013a,b, 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). Rep. 7:45885. doi: 10.1038/srep45885, Tzou, C. H., Artner, N. M., Pona, I., Hold, A., Placheta, E., Kropatsch, W. G., et al. Almond-shaped, heavy eyes are characteristic of Cherokee Indians, a trait that is due to an extra fold in the eyelid. Mol. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20424. Anthropol. Roosenboom, J., Hens, G., Mattern, B. C., Shriver, M. D., and Claes, P. (2016). doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr233, Richmond, S., Toma, A. M., and Zhurov, A. I. Public Health 10, 59535970. doi: 10.1007/s00424-016-1807-8. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that self-perceived and genetically inferred ancestry are associated with facial morphology, particularly with regards to the shape of the nose (Dawei et al., 1997; Le et al., 2002; Farkas et al., 2005; Claes et al., 2014). Judging by the looks of all the peoples known to have a strong Celtic background, and according to some historical sources, Id say that Celts were What Do Irish People Look Like doi: 10.1038/nrg2322, Weinberg, S., Naidoo, S., Bardi, K., Brandon, C., Neiswanger, K., Resick, J., et al. (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2009.10.003, Joubert, B. R., Felix, J. F., Yousefi, P., Bakulski, K. M., Just, A. C., Breton, C., etal. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.033, Hopman, S. M., Merks, J. H., Suttie, M., Hennekam, R. C., and Hammond, P. (2014). R. Soc. The US cancer moonshot initiative. The term Gaelic, as a language, applies only to the language of Scotland. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5, Idemyor, V. (2014). 171, 771780. WebLike Italian faces, the Irish ones seem to have a wisdom -- they've seen the worst the world can dish out, the difference being that the Irish are still proud of being tough enough to Nat. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10115953. A spatially-dense regression study of facial form and tissue depth: towards an interactive tool for craniofacial reconstruction. (2012). TABLE 2. doi: 10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70038-9, Popat, H., Richmond, S., and Drage, N. A. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021, Peng, S., Tan, J., Hu, S., Zhou, H., Guo, J., Jin, L., et al. So far, all GWAS studies have studied the static face but capturing the face during simple facial actions in a population (dynamic movement with or without speech) will enable the exploration of combined neurological and morphological features by assessing both speed and range of movement. (2018). Multiethnic GWAS reveals polygenic architecture of earlobe attachment. Previous studies have identified genes associated with both nsCL/P and facial phenotypes; such as variation in MAFB which is associated with face width in normal variation (Beaty et al., 2010, 2013; Boehringer et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2013; Shaffer et al., 2016). Facial doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30054-7, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Playle, R., Pickles, T., Zhurov, A. I., et al. Identifying genetic variants influencing facial phenotypes can lead to improved etiological understanding of craniofacial anomalies, advances in forensic prediction using DNA and testing of evolutionary hypotheses. CELT, or Kelt, the generic name of an ancient people, the bulk of whom inhabited the central and western parts of Europe. Previous studies have found strong evidence supporting associations between prenatal smoke exposure (Joubert et al., 2016) and folate supplementation (Richmond R.C. Forensic Sci. (2018). Behav. 122, 680690. In brief: Gaelic in Scottish is pronounced as Gah-Lick whereas it is pronounce as Gai-Lick in Irish. Plast. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). Down syndrome, cleft lip and/or palate, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Treacher Collins syndrome can all present with facial abnormalities and genetic loci associated with them have been studied in relation to normal facial development (Boehringer et al., 2011; Brinkley et al., 2016). 24, 4351. Heritability of mandibular cephalometric variables in twins with completed craniofacial growth. WebScotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Ulster Protestants who emigrated from Ulster in northern Ireland to America during the 18th and 19th centuries, whose ancestors had originally migrated to Ireland mainly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England in the 17th century. J. Craniofacial Surg. (2011). 3. Similar levels of genetic-environmental contributions have been reported for some facial features. Nat. Richmond, S. A., Ali, A. M., Beldi, L., Chong, Y. T., Cronin, A., Djordjevic, J., et al. Further work is required to explore the importance of the various biomedical markers and medical conditions (e.g., fasting glucose, cholesterol, asthma, and neurological disorders etc.) Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated the association between normal facial variation and millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Different genetic models, genotyping and imputation techniques have been employed and the between-study heterogeneity should be considered. 127, 559572. (2016). The genes and broad regional associations are shown in Table 2 (ordered by facial feature and chromosome) and Figure 1 (showing facial region). 6. doi: 10.1520/JFS2004251, Suttie, M., Wozniak, J. R., Parnell, S. E., Wetherill, L., Mattson, S. N., Sowell, E. R., et al. Am. doi: 10.1007/s00266-001-0033-7, Lee, M. K., Shaffer, J. R., Leslie, E. J., Orlova, E., Carlson, J. C., Feingold, E., et al. Zaidi, A. (2018). Early growth genetics (EGG) consortium. They both use potatoes, oats, barley, dairy products, lamb, bacon, herring, salmon, scallops, and beef. Other possible benefits that have been explored include: the fitness advantages of hair color (Adhikari et al., 2016; Hysi et al., 2018), nasal shape and climate adaptation (Zaidi et al., 2017) and the benefits of darker skin pigmentation (Wilde et al., 2014; Aelion et al., 2016). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1708207114, Danescu, A., Mattson, M., Dool, C., Diewert, V. M., and Richman, J. M. (2015). facial Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria. 13:e1006616. Genet. The collective use of these techniques to identify the various facial features will increase the robustness of linking the DNA to a likely suspect/candidate. J. Phys. It originated in the 1500's and is always performed to traditional Irish music. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.010, Tsagkrasoulis, D., Hysi, P., Spector, T., and Montana, G. (2017). doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3415, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2014). Med. 2. doi: 10.1038/ng.3211, Carels, C., Van Cauwenberghe, N., Savoye, I., Willems, G., Loos, R., Derom, C., et al. 37, 6271. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.001, Mellion, Z. J., Behrents, R. G., and Johnston, L. E. Jr. (2013). Generally, most modifiable environmental factors have only subtle effects on the face. Nat. Estimating the sex-specific effects of genes on facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism. It is important to identify early life exposures (particularly conception to birth) that may influence later life health outcomes. (2013). Hum. 41, 161176. This was proved to be the case through a 2012 study conducted by psychological scientist Jamin Halberstadt in which participants rated local celebrities as more attractive than morphed or averaged photos of different celebrity facial features. Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y. Proc. Most Scottish people have brown hair, Am. For example, for our 2019 ethnicity estimates we knew that Scottish people typically got a lot of both Ireland & Scotland and England, Wales & Northwestern Europe in their results often almost a 50/50 split. It is important to note that the strong association between facial morphology and ancestry means that any correlations may be attributable to fine-scale population substructure. doi: 10.1093/ejo/18.6.549, Van Otterloo, E., Williams, T., and Artinger, K. B. Controlling the mechanisms of normal growth in vivo or alternatively in vitro creating similar morphological tissues with intact innervation, blood and lymphatic systems that could be transplanted later may become reality in the future. Differences between direct (anthropometric) and indirect (cephalometric) measurements of the skull. Schizophr. Acad. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., Knox, J., Chestnutt, I., Hartles, F., et al. There is no one answer to this question as everyone has their own unique facial features. Tartan. For an individual who can sit still with a neutral facial posture in natural head position, the speed of capture is not critical. Genet. if you move from Scotland to Ireland Identification of five novel genetic loci related to facial morphology by genome-wide association studies. doi: 10.1038/nature08451, Visscher, P. M., Hill, W. G., and Wray, N. R. (2008). Genetic mapping reveals ancestry between Ireland & Scotland Int. 7 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Acquiring Facial Surface Morphology and Describing/Quantifying Facial Shape, Disentangling Genetic and Environmental Factors, Understanding the Etiology of Craniofacial Anomalies, Shared Influences of Facial and Other Traits, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). U.S.A. 115, E676E685. Irish Facial Features Irish Features Heritability in the genomics eraconcepts and misconceptions. Behav. 115, 5173. Exp. 13(Suppl. Nat. Proc. A., Couper, D., Miller, M. B., et al. PLoS One 11:e0162250. There are words each language use for their own, like wee for the Scottish and aye for the Irish. J. doi: 10.1007/s10519-013-9627-5, Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., et al. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). Am. Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. 24, 579589. 106, 191200. The authors would also like to thank the participants of the various studies undertaken. The assessment of facial variation in 4747 British school children. 159(Suppl. Genet. Dixon, M. J., Marazita, M. L., Beaty, T. H., and Murray, J. C. (2011). New perspectives on craniofacial growth. Lond. (2017). 2016:3054578. doi: 10.1155/2016/3054578, Ruiz-Linares, A., Adhikari, K., Acua-Alonzo, V., Quinto-Sanchez, M., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W., et al. These factors can then affect reproductive behavior and lead to population-level changes in facial variation as certain facial phenotypes are favored. In a female, the width is roughly the same proportion, but the foot is just longer than the face is high, and the hand is at most 3/4 of the same height. Shared genetic pathways may influence both normal-range variation in facial morphology and craniofacial anomalies. NW is for skin with a pinkish tone, so that's most fair-skinned, typically Irish ladies. Irish Scottish B., Blair, B. (2013). - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes. bioRxiv, Gibney, E., and Nolan, C. (2010). Pflugers. Front. Celt (people Face height (28.8%), width of the eyes (10.4%) and prominence of the nose (6.7%) explained 46% of total facial variance (Toma et al., 2012). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711125114, Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Perrett, D. I. Heredity 105:4. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.54, Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., and Beedle, A. S. (2007). SR and SL wrote the section Heritability. Human facial shape and size heritability and genetic correlations. The developing fetus may be subject to adverse environments at home, in the workplace or through lifestyle activities (smoking, alcohol and drug intake, allergens, paint, pest/weed control, heavy metals, cleaning, body products such as perfumes and creams). Despite some evidence for positive correlation between blood and lip tissue DNA methylation (Alvizi et al., 2017; Howe et al., 2018b), the extent to which blood is a suitable proxy is unknown. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. PRDM16 is linked to the length and the prominence of the nose as well as the width of the alae, SOX9 is thought to be related to the shape of the ala and nose tip, variation in SUPT3H is thought to influence naso-labial angle and shape of the bridge of the nose, while centroid size (squared root of the squared distances of all landmarks of the face from the centroid) and allometry (relationship of size to shape) have been linked to PDE8A and SCHIP17 genes, respectively, (Cole et al., 2016). Res. Difference Between Scottish and Irish Schizophrenia working group of the psychiatric genomics consortium, Patterson N, Daly MJ, Price AL, Neale BMLD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. 355, 175182. What are Typical Irish Facial Features? Large-scale objective phenotyping of 3D facial morphology. Ricketts, R. M. (1982). This association suggests that developmental processes relating to normal-variation in philtrum development are also etiologically relevant to nsCL/P, highlighting the shared genetic influences on normal-range facial variation and a cranio-facial anomaly (Howe et al., 2018a). Int. ORahilly, R. (1972). Fr. A. doi: 10.1007/s12024-006-0007-9, Wilson, C., Playle, R., Toma, A., Zhurov, A., Ness, A., and Richmond, S. (2013). Proc. The disruption of neuro-facial developmental and maturational processes can lead to widespread and long-lasting abnormalities in central nervous system structure and functions and some of these disturbances will also be accompanied with subtle differences in facial features (Hennessy et al., 2010). doi: 10.1038/414909a, Leslie, E. J., Carlson, J. C., Shaffer, J. R., Butali, A., Bux, C. J., Castilla, E. E., et al. 224, 688709. 50:414. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0057-4, Claes, P., Walters, M., and Clement, J. Statistical power and significance testing in large-scalegenetic studies. With increased sample sizes, improved understanding of shared genetic influences on human traits and advancement in techniques there is likely to be significant further progress in the next 6 years. From the moment of conception, the parental environment can influence the development of the fetus. Presumably because of frequent consanguineous marriages, later Habsburg rulers often had extreme facial phenotypes such as the characteristic Habsburg jaw (mandibular prognathism). Rev. 17, 21982206. The craniofacial region is made up of a series of complex structures which contribute to overall facial shape. Orthodont. Genet. Sci. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(79)90274-4, Biedermann, A., Bozza, S., and Taroni, F. (2015). J. The sheer volume of data collected in imaging genetics from images (hundreds of thousands of points), omics datasets (genomics, transcriptomics and cell-specific expression signals etc. Common genetic and environmental factors among craniofacial traits in Belgian nuclear families: comparing skeletal and soft-tissue related phenotypes. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00119-8, Liu, F., Van Der Lijn, F., Schurmann, C., Zhu, G., Chakravarty, M. M., Hysi, P. G., et al. Commun. There has been significant progress in the first 6 years of GWAS and facial genetics. DNA methylation mediates genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. 10:e1004224. (2016). (2014). The influence of asthma on face shape: a three-dimensional study. Cleft lip and palate. Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. The growing number of GWAS datasets has allowed exploration of the shared genetic influences on different phenotypes (Bulik-Sullivan B. et al., 2015; Pickrell et al., 2016). doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0778, Munn, L., and Stephan, C. N. (2018). Eur. Peter Forsberg (hockey player) (Notice how his eyes are higher up. Genetic determination of human facial morphology: links between cleft-lips and normal variation. Illustrated review of the embryology and development of the facial region, part 1: early face and lateral nasal cavities. J. Hum. J. Plast. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt104, Cousminer, D. L., Stergiakouli, E., Berry, D. J., Ang, W., Groen-Blokhuis, M. M., Krner, A., et al. Twin studies suggest that 7281% of the variation of height in boys and 6586% in girls is due to genetic differences with the environment explaining 523% of the variation (Jelenkovic et al., 2011). There is clearly a place in forensic science to develop a robust diagnostic tool to determine age, ancestry, appearance, relatedness and sex from DNA samples. bioRxiv. Nat. Since Scotland appeared in only one of the names, some people wondered what had happened to their Scottish ancestry. Perceptions of epigenetics. This has been proposed as a method to build a profile of facial features from a sample of DNA (Claes et al., 2014) but could also be used to determine previous health history or future health risks (Idemyor, 2014). (2016). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501, Howe, L. J., Richardson, T. G., Arathimos, R., Alvizi, L., Passos-Bueno, M.-R., Stanier, P., et al. Comput. A genome-wide association study identifies five loci influencing facial morphology in Europeans. 10:e1004724. Similarly, genetic variations associated with normal-range facial differences have been linked to genes involved in Mendelian syndromes such as TBX15 (Cousin syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2017; Claes et al., 2018), PAX1 (Otofaciocervical syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2016) and PAX3 (Waardenburg syndrome) (Paternoster et al., 2012). 35, 123135. Genomewide association study of african children identifies association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with facial size and shape. 3D digital stereophotogrammetry: a practical guide to facial image acquisition. Scottish speak the Scots Gaelic language, while Irish speaks the Irish Gaelic. Oral Maxillofac. 22, 27352747. 80, 359369. A 123a, 211230. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., and Shriver, M. D. (2017). Z., Segurel, L., Tung, J. Y., and Hinds, D. A. (2015). 268, 3944. Biol. Psychol. Anthropol. J. Orthod. Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). Hu, N., Strobl-Mazzulla, P. H., and Bronner, M. E. (2014). I notice that many folks from the South and Lower Midwest (especially Kentucky, Indiana and Tennessee), where Irish and Scottish ancestry are the most (2017). Confirming genes influencing risk to cleft lip with/without cleft palate in a case-parent trio study. Morphometrics, 3D imaging, and craniofacial development. However, previous studies investigating gene-smoking interactions in the etiology of birth defects have produced mixed results (Shi et al., 2008). 1:0016. 143, 845854. Nat. Int. 115, 561597. With improving knowledge of the controlling mechanisms for normal and abnormal facial development, it is logical to pursue healthcare strategies in the first instance to prevent craniofacial anomalies arising, with discussion of risks with genetic counseling, possibly future gene therapies and the follow up with minimally invasive or non-surgical, scarless procedures to correct craniofacial anomalies such as cleft lip and palate and control vertical and horizontal growth particularly of the upper and lower jaws and nose. J. Med. Table 2 highlights that genetic variants influencing facial morphology can have pleiotropic effects on parts of the body independent to the brain and surrounding craniofacial structures (e.g., cardiovascular, endocrine, gastro-intestinal, central nervous, musculo-skeletal and uro-genital systems). Irish & Scottish Culture Differences (With Diane Jennings) They just released a fascinating study which aligns many pictures of individuals from every country and created composite images of what the average face would look like.