But when Sergei proposed again later in the same year, she accepted him once more, and arrangements for their wedding went ahead. Her personality was so inspiring that the coldest people took fire from contact with her ardent soul, and threw themselves with zeal into the work of charity. 1, p 95, John C. G. Rohl, Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's early life, 1859-1888, p. 326. Elisabeth had been sent away to her paternal grandmother's home at the beginning of the outbreak and she was the only member of her family to remain unaffected. She had signed her own death-warrant. We still live in silence, radiant with happiness. Queen Maria of Yugoslavia wore the elaborate necklace on her wedding day, and wore the tiara for most of her tenure as Queen.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'royalwatcherblog_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',160,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-royalwatcherblog_com-medrectangle-4-0'); A post shared by The Royal Watcher (@the_royal_watcher), A post shared by Marika Emerson, GIA GG (@marikagems). Much of the Russian Aristocracy before the Revolution was anti-Semitic, to varying degrees. To use this feature, use a newer browser. The Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing was demolished in 1957 and its cemetery paved over as a parking lot in 1986. Elizabeth was, in great part, responsible for Nickolas and Aleksandra's marriage. During the Russian Revolution, she was wounded by Bolsheviks and left to die in the bottom of a mine shaft at Alapayevsk in Siberia in April of 1918. In vain did the officers sacrifice their lives in trying to stop the soldiers; in vain did whole battalions, entirely composed of officers, attack the enemy's lines: their example had no effect on their subordinates, who watched their chivalrous sacrifice with sardonic mockery, while they parleyed with the Germans behind their backs. Elizabeth - also a royal figure who became a nun and founded a convent - was arrested and then killed by Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. The Bolshevik party was avowedly atheistic, and it saw in the Orthodox Church a pillar of the old regime. The dyke had given way. Transaction Publishers. she said. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Saint Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanov I found on Findagrave.com. Despite having fragile health, Igor served with the Izmaylovsky Regiment during World War I and was a decorated war hero.
The coffins made their way to Beijing, China where they were interred in a chapel at the former Russian Mission. The prisoners could sit in a small garden where they sometimes drank tea in the fresh air. The others killed with them were not canonized. Four years after her husbands assassination, Ella sold all her jewelry and with the proceeds opened the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary in Moscow and became its abbess. I am not exaltee, dear friend, I am only certain that the God who chastises is the same God who loves. Ella's convent was closed in 1920 during the Soviet regime, but the convent was re-opened in 1994 and the sisters there continue doing the work Ella started. ', Her greatness of soul could forgive anything. The Times of August 1920 published some articles of most pathetic interest on the martyrdom of the Russian Emperor and his family, and mentioned, amongst the number killed, the Grand Duchess Elisabeth, three of the Grand Dukes and Prince Paley, son of the Grand Duke Paul - these were all brought from the depths of the Siberian forests to the mouth of an abandoned coal-mine, and it is said that they were still alive when they were thrown into it. While the meeting took place in private, the tutor to the tsar's children apparently recalled that the discussion included Elisabeth expressing her concerns over the influence that Grigori Rasputin had over Alexandra and the imperial court, and begging her to heed the warnings of both herself and other members of the imperial family. Even the jewels of the necklace seemed to lie too heavily on my neck, and I longed to take them all off and to relax comfortably. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During the Austro-Prussian War, Princess Alice often took Elisabeth with her while visiting wounded soldiers in a nearby hospital.
From the letters of Grand Duchess Elizabeth - obitel-minsk.org The second of the seven children of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna was born Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine. A Women Story -Mary Magdalene and Duchess Elizabeth. Early on 18 July 1918, the leader of the Alapayevsk Cheka, Abramov, and the head of the Yekaterinburg Regional Soviet, Beloborodov, who had been involved in the murder of the Imperial Family, exchanged a number of telegrams in a pre-arranged plan saying that the school had been attacked by an "unidentified gang". Only his mother held the keys to these boxes. In the time of Admiral Koltchak, a pious hand collected her mortal remains, and they were transferred first to Kharbin and then to Pekin. The engagement ring was sold. Try again. To appear at State functions was a duty of her high station, but this position she esteemed only according to the opportunities it afforded her for doing kind and generous actions.
Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia: a close up of the Koch of Frankfurt I shall be glad to let you sell it. A post shared by Jewelry Of The Romanovs (@russian_treasure). In the beautiful church of Maria Magdalene on Mount of Olives is buried the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia and the Princess Alice of Greece . Many of these girls went on to become hospital workers and nuns themselves.
200 Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna ideas in 2022 | duchess, romanov Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of She lived with calm and serenity, giving herself up entirely to the will of God. One day when she was starting for her workrooms, the Grand Duchess heard near by the fearful explosion caused by the bomb thrown at the Grand Duke Serge on February 4, 1905. My name is Maria, and I create videos on historical people and topics. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna was arrested in Moscow on May 7, 1918, along with Varvara Alexeievna Yakovleva, the nun from her convent, and was first sent to Perm and then to Yekaterinburg. Prince Felix Yusupov considered Elisabeth a second mother, and stated in his memoirs that she helped him greatly during the most difficult moments of his life. In 1905, Grand Duke Sergei was assassinated when a bomb was thrown into his carriage. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. On July 18, 1918, the day after the execution of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia and his family, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna (age 53) and five other Romanovs, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich (age 59), Prince Ioann Konstantinovich (age 32), Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich (age 28), Prince Igor Konstantinovich (age 24), and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley (age 21) along with Varvara Alexeievna Yakovleva, a nun from Elizabeths convent, and Feodor Semyonovich Remez, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovichs secretary, were executed by the Bolsheviks. Try again later. She devoted herself to charity and ministered to the poor and destitute. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? A bloody war, civic strife and violence were its hallmarks. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. Sorry! On October 8, 1918, members of the White Army recovered her remains and those of the others for a proper Russian Orthodox funeral, which was eventually done at the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China. Princess Alice Real Queens Orthodox Christianity Royal Life Hesse Orthodoxy Light unquenchable. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna was canonized in 1981 as New-Martyr Elizabeth by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia along with Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich, Prince Igor Konstantinovich, Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, and Varvara Yakovleva.
The mummy of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia | Jerusalem Her service as the abbess of the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent coincided with the time of revolutionary upheaval in Russian history. Please enter your email and password to sign in. There is 1 volunteer for this cemetery. But Marie recalled how her aunt slowly abandoned her rigid self-control, finally breaking down into sobs. With the Red Army approaching, their remains were removed further east and buried in the cemetery of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Peking (now Beijing), China. When it was obvious that the prisoners were not dead, grenades were thrown down the mine shaft. During the beginning of their confinement, the prisoners had a certain amount of freedom. Turning to the revolutionaries she said 'Come into the church, but put down your arms in the entrance.' Her body along with other members of the Russian Royal family were placed in metal-sealed coffins and on April 16, 1920 were brought by train to the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in the wee hours of the morning at 2 am. Perhaps in the moment of death he may have acknowledged and repented his sin. New York: Carol & Graf Publishers, Inc. . The Little Sisters of the Poor in the Catholic Church had always attracted her, and the rules of the community which she founded showed the trance of this influence. Perhaps these lines will meet the eyes of some of those in her own country whom she helped through this agonizing hour. Year should not be greater than current year. The couple had no children but they later became the guardians of the children of Sergeis brother Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich: Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna (the younger), and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich. Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.126. Elizabeth heard the explosion and rushed outside, only to find here husband blown to bits. Elizabeth was the second daughter of Alice and Louis, and was eight years older than her youngest sister, Alix. Their other similarities (both were artistic and religious) drew them closer together. The famous pieces, a tiara, necklace, and earrings, were held in the bank in his and his mothers names. It was a beautiful ceremony, which those who took part in it can never forget. The sculptor was John Roberts. Elizabeth found Orthodoxy increasingly absorbing, and in 1891 she adopted the faith. These worthy henchmen were about to drench with blood the town where the Emperor's cousin was living, working, and praying. Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia martyr statue, Bairstow, Harris & Stanford: Choral Works, The Mystery of the Transfiguration: Seven Meditations, A joyful noise: the bells of Westminster Abbey, God, Gratitude and Being at Home in the World, The Challenge of Bioethics to Decision-Making in the UK. Aug 2, 2018 - Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia: a close up of the Koch of Frankfurt tiara made for Grand Duchess Ella, married to Grand Duke Sergei of Russia on 15th June 1884. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. The Grand Duchess then had a glimpse into the future. No sacrifice was too great - money was poured out like water - life counted as nothing in the balance. Originally published in London, by John Murray, Albermarle St. - 1923 [The writer of the following article, the Countess Alexandra Olsoufieff, was for many years the 'Grand Maitresse', that is to say the Mistress of the Robes to my sister, the late Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodrovna of Russia.Advanced in age, an exile from her home and country, the Countess has put pen to paper to draw a . Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna opened a Russian embroidery shop, and in 1922, to fill an order for Chanel, she sold the tiara and necklace to King Alexander of Yugoslavia.
Elizabeth Feodorovna - Biography - IMDb Her cousin Princess Marie of Edinburgh wrote that "one could never take one's eyes off [Ella]"[1] and that Ella's features were "exquisite beyond words, it almost brought tears to your eyes. My tiara bit viciously into my head. Lubov Millar's biography, the most extensive to d. Twice only did she depart from the line of conduct she had traced out for herself. She acted as matchmaker, to the chagrin of Grandmother Queen Victoria, who wanted the lovely Alix for her grandson, Albert Victor.
July 18 (July 5) The Holy Teacher of Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova The Grand Duke always remembered with gratitude the kindness which the Pope had shown him and never forgot how he had consoled him and his brother in the loss of their beloved father.
Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna - Beautiful Princess - EzineArticles Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna was canonized in 1981. In late April, all four were transferred to the red capital of the Urals Yekaterinburg, a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Funeral services were held and the coffins were placed in the crypt of the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Alapayevsk where they remained until July 1919. Elisabeth gave up high society life after her husband's death and devoted herself to serving God through ministering to the poor and the sick. Elizabeth eventually became somewhat estranged from her sister, Aleksandra, over Rasputin and the growing chaos in the country. The patients often showed their gratitude by embracing her, without any thought of the danger of infection, and she never once flinched from their embraces.
Elizabeth Feodorovna, Grand Duchess | Nicholas II But Elizabeth was remembered. the execution of Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia and his family, Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Convent of Saints Martha and Mary in Moscow, Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Hesse and By Rhine, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, Wikipedia: Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Wikipedia: Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich, Wikipedia: Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, the execution of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia, Unofficial Royalty Current Monarchies Websites, Royal News Recap for Tuesday, March 3, 2023, Julie Clary Bonaparte, Queen of Spain, Queen of Naples, Royal News Recap for Thursday, March 02, 2023. 801 South Grand Avenue Suite 1100 Los Angeles, CA 90017 Tel: 213-454-0002 Toll Free: 855-700-2913 Fax: 213-624-1161. It was given to her adopted daughter, who sold it after the Russian Revolution to the King of Yugoslavia, and in the 1950s, the Tiara was sold by their son, King Peter, to Van Cleef & Arpels and has been loaned out and displayed around the world.var cid='4300085279';var pid='ca-pub-2899084708032389';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-royalwatcherblog_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} The women were placed in a horse-drawn cart and the men in another. In July 1918, the same night her sister and her family were assassinated, she was thrown down a mine shaft with other members of the Imperial family and died slowly from injuries or starvation. She wore them for a couple of Official portraits and at a royal event. With the proceeds, she opened the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary and became its abbess. So it came to pass. The Grand Duchess was admired by all the great surgeons, who begged for her help when they had a difficult operation to perform. Pallasart Web Design, brutally murdered and thrown down a mine with five other Romanovs, a nun companion and a servant, Boy who Dreamed of a Palace - Bob Atchison, 1923 American Interview with Patriarch Tikhon, Aurochs! In 1884,Grand Duke Sergei marriedPrincess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, and presented his new bride with his mothers emeralds. All her days were spent in this work, which assumed gigantic proportions. Pray for us, dear heart. According to the personal account of Vassili Ryabov, one of the killers, the prisoners were then hit in the head and thrown into the mine shaft. The Grand Duchess was just leaving her palace to go to her work-rooms; she threw herself into her sledge and arrived on the scene of the disaster at the moment when a soldier was spreading his military cloak over the mangled remains to hide them from the poor wife. 'I will read it,' he said, 'if will promise to read the journal of my life; you will then see how it was I resolved to destroy everyone who stands in the way of our anarchist principles.' He was an unusual man, who was strongly disliked by many and was the subject of many rumours and gossip. I will ask him for you. Todays striking Emerald Kokoshnik Tiara was made for a beautiful Russian Grand Duchess. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Here they halted. Elisabeth was canonised by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate as Holy Martyr Elizabeth Feodorovna. On 7th May 1918 Elizabeth was arrested with two sisters from her convent, and transported across country to Perm, then to Ekatarinburg, and finally to Alapaevsk. Los Angeles Law Office Map. In her Sisterhood, therefore, the Sisters were called upon to work outside the walls of their convent, in contrast to those of the Greek Orthodox Church, who go out but rarely, and only upon special occasions.
Who Was Princess Elisabeth Of Hesse And By Rhine? Icon of the Martyrs of Alapaevsk; Credit : - [1], , https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1807234. But the most remarkable achievement which was due to her, and to her alone, was the organization of women workers, drawn together from all stations of life, from the highest to the lowest, whom she united in the Kremlin Palace, where work-rooms were arranged. At the moment when Bolshevism was let loose, in April 1918, she wrote to an old friend as follows: 'One must fix one's thoughts on the heavenly country in order to see things in their true light, and to be able to say "Thy will be done," when one sees the complete destruction of our beloved Russia. Born in 1869, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and Cecile of Baden (Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna). Here there arose a new vision of a diaconate for women, one that combined intercession and action in the heart of a disordered world. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. In the Soviet Union Christianity survived in the face of periodic persecution and sustained oppression. I, too, had been trained to behave and appear like this. -VICTORIA MILFORD HAVEN.]. The Swedish Minister, representing a neutral power was received by her, and urged her to follow the Emperor's advice. This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich; Photo Credit Wikipedia. These realised a more substantial sum, $50,000, but we learned later that if we had had a greater knowledge of their worth we should have been able to realise $250,000 for them. Their eldest son, King Peter came to the throne as a minor, so Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, married to Princess Olga of Greece, became Regent. He served as an officer in the Izmaylovsky Regiment during World War I. And her cross grew and met the Cross of Christ, and became her delight. His father was a son of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia. Verify and try again. I must die for my deed and I will My death will be more useful to my cause than Sergei Alexandrovich's death.' The first time she said that the Lithuanian guards had been very harsh to her in the beginning, but that they had since become kinder, and had therefore been exchanged for Russian guards, who were ruthless and brutal. Talk of revolution persisted, and grew louder. 'This is the first day of the socialist revolution, and we have no means of resisting the wave of anarchy which is sweeping over us. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. The Grand Duchess herself did the dressings, which were so painful that she had to pause each moment to comfort and reassure the patient. They are known as the Martyrs of Alapaevsk. It appeared to his executioners that Michael had been trying to escape after the gun that was intended for him misfired. She founded a nursing order of Greek Orthodox nuns inspired by the work of her aunt, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna who was buried at St. Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem several years after she . You can always change this later in your Account settings. The couple never had children of their own, but their Ilyinskoe estate was usually filled with parties that Elisabeth organized especially for children. He bought the new necklace, and matching earrings at Van Clefs, a double row of Indian emeralds, each stone interspersed with a diamond. For their safety, the coffins were moved around Russia during struggles between the White Army and the Red Army. July 18, 1918 - Execution of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Five Other Romanovs Romanovs killed with Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna who was 53 years old when she died; All photos from Wikipedia Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, 48 years old, grandson of Emperor Nicholas I. photo: Wikipedia Having a daily relationship with a 1000 year old garden is a joy. As the long formal dinner went on, my head ached and hurt unbearably under the weight of the heavy tiara of emeralds I wore. All was quiet but after a short time, talking was heard and more grenades were thrown down the mine shaft. In 1902, Grand Duke Paul, who was a widower, made a morganatic marriage with Vladimirs mother. It was as if her prophecy had come true that "God will punish us severely" which she made after the Grand Duke expelled 20,000 Jews from Moscow, by simply surrounding thousands of families' houses with soldiers and expelling the Jews without any notice overnight out of their homes and the city. 'Do you wish us to tell you the truth?' [9] It was at the wedding that Sergei's 16-year-old nephew, Tsarevich Nicholas, first met his future wife, Elisabeth's youngest surviving sister Alix. "All of these people were subjected to repression in the form of arrest, deportation and being held by the Cheka without charge," said a representative of the office.[20]. There was a problem getting your location. Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich; Photo Credit Wikipedia. But the hardest tasks were always undertaken by their Mother Superior, who knew that God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb, and who felt that she herself had strength for anything. Her principal shrines are the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent she founded in Moscow, and the Saint Mary Magdalene Convent on the Mount of Olives, which she and her husband helped build, and where her relics (along with those of Nun Barbara (Varvara Yakovleva, her former maid) are enshrined. On the night of July 18, 1918, the prisoners were awakened and told they needed to be taken to a safe place because there was a risk of armed raids. I appeal to my fellow country-women; they will remember the charming vision of the woman so simply dressed in pale grey or blue, and under her white toque the face with its regular features, and that welcoming smile of hers, as she moved about among them, rejoicing in the sight of these hundreds of women united in the common purpose of alleviating, as far as possible, the sufferings of the men who were facing Japanese bullets in the Far East. On 8 October 1918, White Army soldiers discovered the remains of Elisabeth and her companions, still within the shaft where they had been murdered. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. On her husband's tombstone she wrote: 'Father, release them, they know not what they do.' During the summer, they stayed at Ilyinskoe, an estate outside Moscow that Sergei had inherited from his mother. Elizabeth, called 'Ella" by her family, married the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich Romanov, brother of Alexander III and Nickolas II's >uncle. based on information from your browser. With the family of Nicholas II also in Yekaterinburg, the Bolsheviks decided that there was too much of a concentration of Romanovs and decided part of them scatter them. When the Grand Duchess touched on the thorny question of Rasputin the Empress could not be dissuaded from her belief in his sanctity, in spite of what the Grand Duchess told her of his scandalous life, which he had managed to hide successfully from Her Majesty's eyes. The second letter asked for the Patriarch of Moscow, who was then still at liberty, to intercede for her, so that she might be accorded the vegetarian food to which she was accustomed. The Grand Duchess Elisabeth put her mother's teaching of charity into practice, both by generosity in action and by restraint in speech. They eventually became the foster parents of Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, Sergei's niece and nephew. In 1921, the bodies of Elisabeth and of Sister Barbara (Varvara Yakovleva), one of her nuns, were taken to Jerusalem, where they were laid to rest in the Church of Mary Magdalene at Gethsemane. After the Socialist Revolutionary Party's Combat Organization assassinated her husband with a bomb in 1905, Elisabeth publicly forgave Sergei's murderer, Ivan Kalyayev, and campaigned without success for him to be pardoned. "Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia" by Lubov Millar, 1991, "Ella, Princess, Saint and Martyr" by Christopher Warwick, 2006, Friedrich August von Kaulbach [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons, This image can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library, Image 2023 Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Much to the dismay of Queen Victoria, Elisabeth had been encouraging Nicholas, then tsarevich, in his pursuit of Alix. Copyright 2023 Bob Atchison. In 1918, Vladimir Lenin ordered the Cheka to arrest Elisabeth. The Empresses and the Grand Duchess drew into their organization, all ranks of society, officials small and great, government employees, and all the hierarchy of feminine society from the highest to the lowest. I dont like wearing the emeralds, they hurt me. Queen Alexandra also wrote: Well, although you gave them to me, the jewels are really yours. 1, p. 93. Her body was then thrown into a mine shaft with other members of the Royal Russian family. A sister to Czarina Alexandra, she married on June 15, 1884 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the uncle of Czar Nicholas. Back in our apartment at Claridges, Peter tried to cheer me up by showing me the beautiful jewels which were now mine. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7035855/elizabeth-romanov. It is not known whether the infamous Lenin granted this modest boon. Also, it is to be remembered that the Revolutionary parties had a definite membership of Jews, who felt oppressed by the anti-Jewish laws and nature of Imperial Russian government. Try again later. A long procession of men, demoralized and bolshevized by the Germans, passed back into Russia, bringing discontent and rebellion into their homes and villages. In 1915, Olga Valerianovna was created Princess Paley by Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia which allowed Vladimir to use the title of Prince Paley.