Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. Chapter Recap. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. b. early childhood trauma. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. d. secondary process thought. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. a. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. c. congenital malformations. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Neurotransmitters. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. b. behavioral-focused b. axons. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. 155. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. 28. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? b. Rogers. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. c. superego. b. delusional thinking. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. b. learned behavior. b. cognitive-behavioral The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. a. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Bacterial and viral infections. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. 56. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. 39. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. The perspective is overly precise. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. This is an example of behavior modification using: 14. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Figure 2.2. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. d. fixation. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. b. c. maintenance. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 131. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). Identify and define important neurotransmitters. 67. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. 85. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 160. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. c. phallic stage. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. d. existential. 2.3.4.3. 2.3.1.4. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. 143. 2.2.1.3. Hormonal imbalances. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. c. superego. 2. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. a. b. transference. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. d. case studies. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Unconditioned means unlearned. c. psychoanalysts. b. exposure The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. c. operant conditioning. A) illogical thinking patterns. d. sociocultural. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. b. If I do X, then Y will happen. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. 13. c. psychodynamic. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. d. damage control. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. social factors leading to stress. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. d. classical conditioning. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The brain. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 32. 92. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. 18. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. d. humanistic. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? d. unconscious feelings of loss. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 46. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). 2.2.1.6. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. 51. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 106. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? The humanistic perspective. a. Perls. 138. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. The Structure of the Nervous System. Behaviorally test your thought. Don't worry. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" b. family structure and communication. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. c. overgeneralization. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Why? b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. a. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. a. psychodynamic Figure 2.10. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. b. insight. 107. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. b. self-actualizing. c. insert RNA into genes. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. d. existential, 125. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. 2.2.3.3. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? d. create an ideal set of genes. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. 118. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. b. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them.